Given a decrypted file, how can I know which encrypted file it corresponds to?

Hi. You can’t. There’s no „list“ or function that allows to search for the encrypted version of an decrypted file.
However it is possible to guess as the timestamp of a file is not changing. So the timestamp of the encrypted files is the same as the decrypted file.
But I would not recommend messing around with the file structure of your vault. There’s a lot of potential to make mistakes and ruin the vault.